Category Archives: Life In General

In the US big business has always been a magnet for conspiracy theories.  In Europe it’s usually the nobility or the landed gentry that gets blamed for the oppression of the common man but as we had no system of nobility the next best thing we had were faceless and distant corporations always either seeking to rob the poor or steal their land.  I could say that for the most part that business doesn’t deserve this reputation but then again there have been some glaring examples of misbehavior on their part.  I will look at 3 such verifiable conspiracies.

In the 19th century the Old West was opening up and there was seemingly an unending amount of territory available to anyone who cared to settle and work the land.  Of course this was not true and soon people began to fight over the most desirable pieces of territory.  One such fight took place in Wyoming.

The open grazing laws in the state meant that various cattle herds would mix together at times and some people used this as an excuse to take unbranded cattle as their own.  A powerful and influential group of cattle breeders took on a smaller less organized group of breeders in what would be known as the Johnson County war.  The Wyoming Stock Growers Association (WSGA) took on a loosely affiliated group of smaller ranchers and hired groups of thugs to kill and intimidate what they called rustlers.

At the height of the tensions a party of 50 men (mostly hired guns from Texas) from the WSGA “invaded” Johnson County with a secret list of alleged rustlers with the intent of murdering these men.  The party took care to cut the telegraph lines and to sneak into the county to not alarm the locals.

Although successful at first, they were eventually met by a larger party of County citizens numbering around 200 that cornered and then besieged them at the TA ranch.  One expedition member escaped the ranch and telegraphed the Governor who in turn contacted the local US Cavalry commander to apprehend and arrest the WSGA expedition. In reality they were rescuing them.

A long trial ensued and was held in Johnson County.  Most of the hired guns left Wyoming.  The few expedition members that did face prosecution had the benefit of expert legal counsel, paid for by the WSGA, that endlessly stalled the trial until the County could no longer support the cost of continued prosecution and all charges were dropped.

Now we enter the 20th century and things get extremely vague.  In 1929 there was a worldwide economic collapse known as the great depression.  Millions were out of work and starving.  Three political-economic theories competed for dominance; capitalism, fascism, and communism.

In the US president Roosevelt had been elected on a platform to rescue the nation from the depression.  He chose a left leaning policy of supplying relief to the poor.

In higher circles this was looked upon as a direct threat to the upper class and the capitalist system.  Men such as Henry Ford, Irene Du Pont, and others thought that the great depression was proof that the democratic process was a failure and that a small group of men or a single leader should lead the nation.  They looked at examples from Germany and Italy as models for them.

Gerald Macguire, a wall street investor, approached a former US Marine General called Smedley Butler with a proposition.

Butler had been a World War I hero and had been awarded the Medal of Honor twice.  He was also the unofficial leader of the “bonus army”.  The bonus army had been a group of veterans that had marched on Washington DC seeking a monetary bonus that the government had promised them for their service.  Instead the government turned the regular Army loose on them and several people were injured or killed.  This action made Butler very bitter and vocal about his opposition to the government.

Macguire intimated that he represented some powerful business leaders.  His idea was to have Butler march on Washington with the bonus army.  The veterans would receive arms from the group of business men and take over the capital.  They would then install Roosevelt as a figurehead president and run things behind the scenes.

Butler however was not interested.  Rather than lead the bonus army, Butler took the plot to the US congress in late 1934 and began telling the story in public.  Finally a congressional committee was convened to review the matter behind closed doors.

Portions of the committee hearings were leaked.  The story was carried in the New York Times and was ridiculed.  Congress took less than 4 days to research it and concluded that although some discussions took place that nothing could be proven or warranted more investigation.  Large parts of General Butler’s testimony were “lost” and to this day cannot be found.

It is interesting to note that most major newspapers at the time were privately owned and the owners were friends with some of those associated in the plot. Also of interest is that Gerald Macguire died in 1935 of “natural causes” at the age of 37.

Butler became an ardent critic of capitalism and the “banana wars”.

In 1918  statistician for an insurance company noted the number of deaths among workers that dealt with asbestos and reported this to the government.  In the 1930s the primary manufacturer of Asbestos in the US had this and other reports rewritten to minimize the effects that asbestos had on health.

Internal memos written in the 1940s within the company showed that upper management had direct knowledge of the health risks associated with asbestos but chose to suppress all stories and studies relating to this.

In the 1950s the company used its influence to rewrite safety warnings issued by government agencies about its product.

Finally in the late 1980s studies run by the medical industry show a link between asbestos and lung cancers.  In 1999 a Florida jury finally finds that the company willfully tried to suppress evidence concerning asbestos safety.

As I said before, the majority of businesses in the US operate in a manner that is both ethical and fair and for the most part they are a benefit to society but when they decide to skirt the law or even break it, they can cause fearful damage to the average individual.

Are these conspiracies just dry forgotten facts or do they resonate in our age and carry consequences that we are still having to deal with?  We now come to one of the more shameful episodes in American foreign policy history.

In the late 19th century the sale of fresh fruit in the eastern US became quite profitable.  Ships were loaded in central America and offloaded in New Orleans and New York distributing tons of fresh fruit to American consumers starved for flavor and variety.  To meet the demand for fresh produce the United Fruit Company (UFC) was organized and soon bought large plantations in several central American countries. UFC built several large railroads and set up schools for the employees but also received a large measure of control in these countries.  Bribing public officials was a recognized company policy as was the use of armed guards to discourage unions.

In 1910 the new Honduran president Miguel Davila refused to give Samuel Zemurray (Sam, the banana man), a competitor of UFC, several key tax concessions.  In December of that year a ship laden with men from the New Orleans docks traveled to Honduras with weapons.  They kidnapped the president and installed a new president that would give Zemurray everything he wanted.  UFC later decided to buy out Zemurray and take over the Honduras operations.

Although a conclusive link can’t be proven, around this time began what would be referred to as the “Banana wars”.  The US government routinely sent Marine units into central America and the Caribbean to “protect American interests”  The banana wars would last for 30 years and would imprint bitter memories into a generation of central american children.

In 1929 a worker’s strike in Colombia turns bloody as the government sends troops to stop the strike against UFC.  Soldiers fire into the crowd and kill several workers.  The final death toll is never known.

The corruption did not end in central America.  Attempts to tax UFC’s fruit imports are defeated by political lobbies in the US and UFC continued to be able to import fruit, tax-free into the US.  This move allowed UFC to pay massive dividends to its shareholders.

In 1944 the most recognizable mascot for bananas is born as Chiquita banana is created to promote banana sales.  Consultants for UFC approach several cereal companies and urge them to link bananas to breakfast cereals in the advertising.

In 1954 came the most serious action.  John Foster Dulles, the US secretary of state, was a stockholder in UFC.  A new left leaning president in Guatemala wanted to take UFC’s lands and redistribute them to the poor peasants.  John Foster along with Allen Dulles, the director of the CIA, convinced President Eisenhower that this was the start of a communist plot to takeover central America and needed to be dealt with immediately.

With covert aid from the CIA, a Guatemalan officer was encouraged to topple the government.  This was known as operation PBSUCCESS.  CIA operatives destabilized the economy, provided arms to a private rebel army, and provided propaganda that finally forced the government to surrender to the rebels. This led to nearly 40 years of civil war in Guatemala and would lead the CIA to try similar actions in Chile, Cuba, and Iran.

UFC finally fell prey to corporate raiders in 1968.  The company was slowly but surely broken up, and the name disappears in 1970.

But the US was not done with central and Latin America.  If anything the US government’s involvement in the region has deepened in the last half century.  We have installed and toppled dictators in several countries.  Sometimes we have toppled the same man that we installed.  The ongoing “war on drugs” has not only failed but spread the drug trade problem to several countries in the region and now the illicit drug trade not only funds criminal syndicates but also funds regional and international terrorist groups.

What was once a peaceful and relatively stable region of the world that was friendly to US interests has deteriorated into economic stagnation and possible hostility.  What were we thinking?

As we get closer to the 20th century conspiracies become harder to research or prove.  Generally the families, companies, or individuals involved take greater steps to cover their activities.  In some cases the cover ups are so complete that some conspiracies will never be able to be proven.  We start with some local history.

Texas 1836

On an unseasonably warm day in April a small band of rebels defeated the larger federal army of Mexico and by literally threatening Santa Ana at gunpoint secured a treaty making Texas into a republic.  The key man in all of this was General Sam Houston.  The former governor of Tennessee came to Texas to practice law. Some say he came at the behest of President Jackson to foment rebellion in what was then the Mexican state of Coahulia y Tejas.

The American government certainly was interested in the territory.  As early as the 1810’s they had looked the other way while private armies of American citizens had tried to takeover the state.

Houston enters the picture in about 1833.  He had spent some time in Washington DC advocating for the Cherokee tribes and he left the city after being found guilty of attacking a congressman on the street.  Some say that President Jackson used his influence to get Houston out of his predicament and encouraged him to go to Texas to stir up trouble.

While in Texas, Houston receives considerable military aid from “private” citizens in the US including not only weapons but “volunteers” from various American states.  Shades of Crimea 2014.

The US government did nothing to prevent these actions.

It is somewhat telling that upon the successful end of the revolutionary war that Houston sought the annexation of Texas into the US.  It was rejected but Houston continued working on the issue until annexation was accepted ten years later.

Washington DC 1865.

The facts that cannot be disputed are that President Lincoln attended Ford’s theater and that an assassin shot him at point-blank range from behind.  Beyond that, the motives, the plot, and even those involved are hard to prove.

John Wilkes Booth is considered almost universally to be that assassin.  Booth was possibly the greatest actor of the age.  Sometimes referred to as the “handsomest man in America”

The civil war deeply affected him.  Despite his pro-confederate leanings his family urged him not to join the confederate army, however he took every opportunity to voice his support for the South.  Soon he gathered about him a close circle of like-minded friends and offered their services to the southern cause.

This den of spies and saboteurs was not highly regarded by the confederate secret service.  Reports showed that they considered Booth and his friends to be unreliable at best.

Booth himself was somewhat erratic.  At times angrily decrying the northern government and at other times urging caution.

His first plot was not to assassinate Lincoln but to kidnap him and exchange him for 10,000 confederate prisoners.  This failed due to Lincoln changing his plans at the last-minute.

Embittered by the surrender of the South he plotted vengeance on the president.  The plan was not just to kill Lincoln but the secretaries of state, war, and the vice president leaving the government in total chaos.  He assigned his friends to carry out their parts in the plot but saved the main target for himself.

The plot began to fall apart almost immediately with everyone else missing their targets.  So it fell to Booth to carry out his part.  He shot Lincoln in the back of the head and jumped from the balcony crying “Sic Semper Tyrannis“, thus always to tyrants, the state motto of Virginia.  In the dramatic escape he broke his leg and stumbled away into the night.

Escaping on horseback he was tracked down to farmer Garret’s barn and killed as the barn was set on fire.

But many questions and theories were left behind.

Most shocking is the theory that secretary of war Edwin Stanton knew of the plot beforehand and did nothing.  It was widely known that Lincoln and Stanton did not like each other and some have speculated that Lincoln was preparing to fire Stanton.  Curiously on the night of the assassination plot Stanton changed his plans and totally avoided his would be assassin.  Did Stanton know of the plot?

Then there is the fate of Booth himself.  Booth escaped Washington with a man called James Boyd and that the autopsy of Booth afterwards showed that the dead man did not have a broken leg like Booth was reported to have.  Some speculate that the remains found in the barn were those of Boyd not Booth.

A story put out by a Tennessee lawyer called Finis Bates claims that Booth eventually escaped to Japan and returned to the US years later to finally die in Oklahoma in 1903.

Attempts to compare the DNA of the man buried in Oklahoma with living Booth relatives have been blocked by the courts